Mole Concept & Stoichiometry

Molar mass calculations, limiting reagents, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulas

If you have 10g of calcium carbonate, you can calculate it contains 0.1 moles and produces 2.24L of CO₂ gas on decomposition

Atomic Structure

Bohr's model, quantum numbers, electronic configuration, orbital shapes, Aufbau principle

Understanding why Chromium has configuration [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ instead of [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s² due to half-filled stability

Chemical Bonding

Ionic vs covalent bonding, VSEPR theory, hybridization (sp, sp², sp³), molecular orbital theory, bond parameters

Predicting that methane (CH₄) has tetrahedral shape with sp³ hybridization and bond angle 109.5°

Thermodynamics

First law, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, Hess's law, spontaneity of reactions

Calculating heat released when 1 mole of methane burns using standard enthalpies of formation

Chemical Equilibrium

Law of mass action, Kc and Kp relationships, Le Chatelier's principle, common ion effect

Understanding why adding NH₃ to NH₄Cl solution reduces ionization due to common ion effect

Ionic Equilibrium

pH calculations, buffer solutions, solubility product, acid-base theories, hydrolysis

Calculating pH of 0.1M acetic acid solution using Ka value and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Redox Reactions

Oxidation states, balancing redox equations, electrochemical series, cell potential

Identifying that in reaction Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu, zinc gets oxidized and copper gets reduced

Electrochemistry

Nernst equation, conductance, Faraday's laws, electrochemical cells, corrosion

Calculating cell potential of Daniell cell under non-standard conditions using Nernst equation

Chemical Kinetics

Rate laws, order of reaction, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, half-life

Understanding that doubling temperature roughly doubles reaction rate for most reactions

Solutions

Molarity, molality, normality, Raoult's law, colligative properties, ideal vs non-ideal solutions

Calculating boiling point elevation when 10g NaCl dissolves in 100g water using Kb value

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption vs absorption, colloids, emulsions, catalysis types, Tyndall effect

Understanding how soap forms micelles to clean by trapping oil in hydrophobic core

Basic Organic Chemistry (GOC)

IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism, inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, carbocation stability

Naming compound CH₃-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-OH as 2-methylpropan-1-ol following IUPAC rules

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes reactions, Markovnikov's rule, anti-Markovnikov addition, preparation methods

Understanding that HBr addition to propene gives 2-bromopropane as major product (Markovnikov's rule)

Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

SN1, SN2, E1, E2 mechanisms, Grignard reagents, Wurtz reaction, Finkelstein reaction

Knowing that tertiary halides undergo SN1 while primary halides prefer SN2 mechanism

Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

Preparation methods, Lucas test, Victor Meyer test, Williamson synthesis, acidity comparison

Understanding that phenol is more acidic than ethanol due to resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion

Aldehydes & Ketones

Nucleophilic addition reactions, Cannizzaro reaction, aldol condensation, Clemmensen reduction

Identifying positive silver mirror test (Tollens' test) distinguishes aldehydes from ketones

Carboxylic Acids

Acidity, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction, esterification, decarboxylation reactions

Knowing that formic acid reduces Fehling's solution because it has both -COOH and -CHO groups

Amines

Basicity order, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hoffmann bromamide reaction, diazonium salts

Understanding that aliphatic amines are more basic than aromatic amines due to resonance in aniline

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates classification, glucose vs fructose, amino acids, proteins structure, DNA-RNA

Recognizing that maltose is reducing sugar while sucrose is non-reducing sugar

Polymers

Addition vs condensation polymers, Nylon-6,6, Bakelite, natural rubber, vulcanization

Identifying that polyethylene is addition polymer while Nylon is condensation polymer

Periodic Table & Periodicity

Periodic trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, valency

Understanding that fluorine has highest electronegativity (4.0) among all elements

Chemical Bonding (Inorganic)

Ionic character calculation, Fajans' rules, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle

Predicting that LiCl has more covalent character than NaCl due to smaller Li⁺ size (Fajans' rules)

Hydrogen

Isotopes (protium, deuterium, tritium), water hardness, heavy water properties and uses

Knowing that D₂O (heavy water) is used as moderator in nuclear reactors

s-Block Elements

Alkali and alkaline earth metals, diagonal relationship, thermal stability of carbonates/nitrates

Understanding that LiNO₃ decomposes to Li₂O while NaNO₃ gives NaNO₂ on heating

p-Block Elements (Group 13-18)

Boron anomalies, carbon allotropes, nitrogen oxides, phosphorus allotropes, oxygen anomalies, halogen reactivity

Recognizing that fluorine never shows positive oxidation state while other halogens do

d-Block & f-Block Elements

Electronic configuration, oxidation states, colored ions, magnetic properties, lanthanoid contraction

Understanding why transition metal compounds are colored (d-d transitions possible)

Coordination Compounds

Nomenclature, isomerism, crystal field theory, magnetic moment calculation, VBT vs CFT

Naming [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ as hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride following IUPAC rules

Metallurgy

Extraction methods, zone refining, electrolytic refining, thermite process, froth flotation

Knowing that aluminum is extracted by electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite

Qualitative Analysis

Salt analysis, flame tests, group reagents, confirmatory tests for cations and anions

Identifying Cu²⁺ by blue color in flame test or deep blue color with excess ammonia

Environmental Chemistry

Air pollutants (CO, NOx, SOx), water pollution (BOD, COD), ozone depletion, green chemistry

Understanding that CFCs cause ozone depletion by releasing chlorine free radicals